Birds
Birds
Toxicity of potash to birds: There is no published information on the potential negative effects of potash on least terns, piping plovers, red knots, western snowy plovers, yellow-billed cuckoos, or other avian species. Potassium chloride (KCl) is used as a supplement (0.2 and 0.4% KCl) in diet or drinking water of poultry to reduce the effects of high environmental temperature by maintaining the water/electrolyte balance (Dai et al. 2009).
Toxicity of copper and copper products to birds: Limited information is available on the toxicity of copper sulfate to wild birds (Eisler 1998). A flock of captive 3-week-old Canada geese (Branta canadensis) used a pond treated with copper sulfate; Ten of the geese died nine hours after ingestion of roughly 600 mg/kg copper sulfate (Henderson and Winterfield 1995). Although copper is known to be moderately toxic to birds (Boone et al. 2012), copper sulfate poses less of a threat to birds than to other animals - The lowest lethal dose (LDLo) for this material in pigeons and ducks is 1,000 mg/kg and 600 mg/kg, respectively (TOXNET 1975-1986). The oral LD50 for Bordeaux mixture in young mallards is 2,000 mg/kg (Tucker and Crabtree 1970). The toxicity of copper to aquatic life depends on its bioavailability, which is strongly dependent on pH, the presence of dissolved organic carbon (DOC), and water chemistry, such as the presence of calcium ions (State of Idaho 2021).
Toxicity of Zequanox® to birds: Zequanox has a “practically non-toxic” designation for birds. No mortality was observed after feeding mallards a 2,000 mg/kg dose of live P. fluorescens strain CL145A (Bureau of Reclamation 2011). The no observable effect limit (NOEL) was set at >2,000 mg/kg and classified Zequanox® as “practically non-toxic to mallard.”
Birds
Toxicity of potash to birds: There is no published information on the potential negative effects of potash on least terns, piping plovers, red knots, western snowy plovers, yellow-billed cuckoos, or other avian species. Potassium chloride (KCl) is used as a supplement (0.2 and 0.4% KCl) in diet or drinking water of poultry to reduce the effects of high environmental temperature by maintaining the water/electrolyte balance (Dai et al. 2009).
Toxicity of copper and copper products to birds: Limited information is available on the toxicity of copper sulfate to wild birds (Eisler 1998). A flock of captive 3-week-old Canada geese (Branta canadensis) used a pond treated with copper sulfate; Ten of the geese died nine hours after ingestion of roughly 600 mg/kg copper sulfate (Henderson and Winterfield 1995). Although copper is known to be moderately toxic to birds (Boone et al. 2012), copper sulfate poses less of a threat to birds than to other animals - The lowest lethal dose (LDLo) for this material in pigeons and ducks is 1,000 mg/kg and 600 mg/kg, respectively (TOXNET 1975-1986). The oral LD50 for Bordeaux mixture in young mallards is 2,000 mg/kg (Tucker and Crabtree 1970). The toxicity of copper to aquatic life depends on its bioavailability, which is strongly dependent on pH, the presence of dissolved organic carbon (DOC), and water chemistry, such as the presence of calcium ions (State of Idaho 2021).
Toxicity of Zequanox® to birds: Zequanox has a “practically non-toxic” designation for birds. No mortality was observed after feeding mallards a 2,000 mg/kg dose of live P. fluorescens strain CL145A (Bureau of Reclamation 2011). The no observable effect limit (NOEL) was set at >2,000 mg/kg and classified Zequanox® as “practically non-toxic to mallard.”
Birds
Toxicity of potash to birds: There is no published information on the potential negative effects of potash on least terns, piping plovers, red knots, western snowy plovers, yellow-billed cuckoos, or other avian species. Potassium chloride (KCl) is used as a supplement (0.2 and 0.4% KCl) in diet or drinking water of poultry to reduce the effects of high environmental temperature by maintaining the water/electrolyte balance (Dai et al. 2009).
Toxicity of copper and copper products to birds: Limited information is available on the toxicity of copper sulfate to wild birds (Eisler 1998). A flock of captive 3-week-old Canada geese (Branta canadensis) used a pond treated with copper sulfate; Ten of the geese died nine hours after ingestion of roughly 600 mg/kg copper sulfate (Henderson and Winterfield 1995). Although copper is known to be moderately toxic to birds (Boone et al. 2012), copper sulfate poses less of a threat to birds than to other animals - The lowest lethal dose (LDLo) for this material in pigeons and ducks is 1,000 mg/kg and 600 mg/kg, respectively (TOXNET 1975-1986). The oral LD50 for Bordeaux mixture in young mallards is 2,000 mg/kg (Tucker and Crabtree 1970). The toxicity of copper to aquatic life depends on its bioavailability, which is strongly dependent on pH, the presence of dissolved organic carbon (DOC), and water chemistry, such as the presence of calcium ions (State of Idaho 2021).
Toxicity of Zequanox® to birds: Zequanox has a “practically non-toxic” designation for birds. No mortality was observed after feeding mallards a 2,000 mg/kg dose of live P. fluorescens strain CL145A (Bureau of Reclamation 2011). The no observable effect limit (NOEL) was set at >2,000 mg/kg and classified Zequanox® as “practically non-toxic to mallard.”
